Austria stands in the front rankof strictly Roman Catholic countries which in thesecond half of the eighteenth century found themselves compelled to break with their antiquatedsystem to find the way for a new existence. Deeply disappointed, Joseph now saw his only hope in Catherine. Joseph I (Joseph Jacob Ignaz Johann Anton Eustachius; 26 July 1678 – 17 April 1711) was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy from 1705 until his death in 1711. Joseph II, (born March 13, 1741, Vienna, Austria—died Feb. 20, 1790, Vienna), Holy Roman emperor (1765–90), at first coruler with his mother, Maria Theresa (1765–80), and then sole ruler (1780–90) of the Austrian Habsburg dominions. He was the eldest son of Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I and thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the House of Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine. He was the eldest son of Emperor Leopold I from his third wife, Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg.Joseph was crowned King of Hungary at the age of nine in 1687 and King in Germany at the age of eleven in 1690. © 2020 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. He established national training colleges for priests and deprived the bishops of their authority and limited their communications with the Pope. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. However, the events of Joseph II's last years also suggest that the government was financially vulnerable to the European wars that ensued after 1792. In 1765 Joseph's father, who had with his wife's backing been elected Holy Roman emperor in 1742, died. Although Joseph II, the Holy Roman Emperor and archduke of Austria, was perhaps the best-intentioned of all enlightened despots, he was less than successful as a ruler.The son of Francis I and Maria Theresa, who was the great matriarch of the Hapsburg dynasty and with whom he ruled jointly, Joseph II became sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire in 1780 after the death of his mother. Joseph, the eldest son of Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen of Lorraine (the future emperor Francis I), was strictly and thoroughly educated. The scheme of allying the Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties had its attractions. Joseph II ruled Austria from 1780 through 1790. The defeats of Austria, especially in the Sev… There the Emperor attempted to establish peace in the Austrian Netherlands by delaying negotiations, but he failed in this as he did in Hungary, where his refusal to be crowned had deprived him of a legal foundation for his reign. He was the eldest child of his parents and had a younger sister Marie Antoinette and a brother Leopold II. Joseph II is plowing the field near Slawikowitz in rural southern Moravia on 19 August 1769. The artistic life of Vienna rose to new heights when the Burgtheater became the German National Theater. He loved his subjects and was willing to do anything for them. However, Joseph's main aim was to make the empire more efficient and financially secure. Joseph died believing that his reforms had weakened his empire instead of strengthening it. As the firstborn son, Joseph spent his childhood knowing he would grow up to take the reins of power. Austria was more successful than France in meeting regular expenditures and in gaining credit. In 1765 he married Maria Josepha of Bavaria, who in 1767 also died of smallpox. Wählen Sie aus erstklassigen Inhalten zum Thema Joseph Ii Of Austria … Unfortunately for them, in his mind that meant telling them how to do everything! His mother now granted him the title of coregent, but it soon became clear that it too was an empty one. He is one of the best examples of Europe's enlightened despots. Joseph was considered an "enlightened despot," and his reforms were open-minded, to a point. Joseph wanted to change the way education and economics were viewed in the Habsburg Empire. The Emperor hoped for more success with his unusual plan of exchanging the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria. Joseph II of hasburg-lothringen was considered as one of the enlightened monarchs in europe together with King Friedrich II of Prussia and Empress Catherine of Russia. This provoked severe resistance from powerful forces within and outside his empire, but ensured that he … He obtained a considerable increase of territory in the First Partition of Poland (1773), and concluded a defensive alliance with Russia , which led to great schemes for a … Nicholas II was the last tsar of Russia under Romanov rule. Even peasants were often more concerned with the taxes that the empire demanded than with their new freedoms. One of the "Enlightened Despots" of the 18th century, Joseph aspired to increase the power and efficiency of the state by placing all subjects of the realm, including the Church and the feudal nobility, under benevolent monarchical rule. Download royalty-free Statue of Emperor Joseph II Hofburg Palace Vienna Austria stock photo 169064540 from Depositphotos collection of millions of premium high-resolution stock photos, vector images and illustrations. Joseph II is plowing the field near Slawikowitz in rural southern Moravia on 19 August 1769. He was thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the House of Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine. In foreign matters, Joseph's attempt to exchange part of the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria was undermined by Frederick II of Prussia. Charles II was the monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland during much of the latter half of the 17th century, marking the Restoration era. Following Maria Theresa's death in 1780, Joseph II reigned in his own right until his death in 1790. Updates? Choisissez parmi des contenus premium Joseph Ii Of Austria de la plus haute qualité. Joseph had been raised to believe that, as royalty, he was smarter and better than anyone else. Joseph had been raised to believe that, as royalty, he was smarter and better than anyone else. By 1790, Joseph faced numerous problems in his empire, including a loss of control in the Austrian Netherlands. Joseph II. Joseph now endeavoured to expand his dominions in the north and east, and to make Austria dominant in Central Europe. His poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russia’s role in World War I led to his abdication and execution. Joseph II of Austria (Joseph II) -- Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. fact lexicon with terms going straight to the point. And with his Edict of Toleration, Joseph gave minority religions, such as Protestants, Greek Orthodox and Jews, the ability to live and worship more freely. a new type of monarchy that emerged in the late eighteenth century; monarch such as Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria followed the advice of the philosophes & ruled by enlightened principles, establishing a path to modern nationhood When a civil war occurred in Poland under King Stanisław II Poniatowski, the lover of Catherine II the Great of Russia who was completely dependent on Russia, Joseph met with Poland’s third neighbour, King Frederick the Great of Prussia, to plan the partition of Poland, with each neighbour taking a part of the country and the remaining part to be given a last chance at independence. Some measures intended to forestall a relapse into monasticism, such as the foundation of new parishes, bore good results. Joseph now endeavoured to expand his dominions in the north and east, and to make Austria dominant in Central Europe. But Joseph left Prussia out of his calculations. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Generally, he is presented as the representative enlightened absolutist—that is to say, the most typical of those 18th-century monarchs who applied the principles of the philosophical movement known as the Enlightenment to the problems of government and society. Fo… Beginning in the 13th century with the nearly 650 year rule of the powerful … With his father's death, Joseph also became his mother's co-regent, and took over the handling of the army and foreign affairs. The War of the Austrian Succession began with the death of Maria Theresa’s father, Emperor Charles VI, in October 1740. Joseph de Lorraine, en tant qu'empereur des Romains, Joseph II1 (Vienne, 13 mars 1741 Vienne, 20 février 1790), fils aîné de François de Lorraine, grand-duc de Toscane puis empereur des Romains2, et de Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, il succéda à son père comme empereur des Romains en 1765 et devint alors corégent des possessions héréditaires des Habsbourg ; il hérita de celles-ci en 1780 à la mort de sa mère, l'impératrice Marie-Thérè… Finden Sie perfekte Stock-Fotos zum Thema Joseph Ii Of Austria sowie redaktionelle Newsbilder von Getty Images. However, the events of Joseph II's last years also suggest that the government was financially vulnerable to the European wars that ensued after 1792. Professor of History, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. To obtain a personal view of the situation in eastern and western Europe, Joseph visited France, where he was enthusiastically received by the intellectual elite, and then also visited Catherine of Russia. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 13, 1741, and died thereFeb. He loved his subjects and was willing to do anything for them. However, his collection of reforms were denied by priests and nobles. Austria was more successful than France in meeting regular expenditures and in gaining credit. His father, Francis I, held the title of Holy Roman emperor. Though he was in bad health, he decided to visit her again; the Austrian Netherlanders and Hungarians, enraged at his reforms, resisted the move. However, Maria Theresa, devastated after her husband’s deat… Hungarian nobles tried to reject Joseph's decrees on the grounds that he had not gone through an official coronation there. Catherine II, or Catherine the Great, served as empress of Russia for more than three decades in the late 18th century after overthrowing her husband, Peter III. As women were never elected to be Holy Roman Emperor, Joseph took the title after his father’s death in 1765 yet it was his mother who remained the ruler of the Habsburg lands. Unlike Frederick, he was not greatly skilled at warfare, but like Frederick, he did care deeply about his people. He ordered the abolition of serfdom; by the Edict of Toleration he established religious equality before the law, and he granted freedom of the press. In foreign policy, Joseph had obtained some success even as co-regent with his mother. Joseph had been married twice, but had lost both wives to smallpox, and had no living children. Joseph II. (grand duke of Tuscany, emperor,1745-65) and Maria Theresa (queen of Bohemiaand Hungary, archduchess of Austria, 1740-48),was born at Vienna Mar. After his father died, in 1765, he became emperor, but Maria Theresa made all the important decisions. Joseph also encountered difficulties outside his empire. Patent abolishing serfdom, 1781. For the University of Vienna, no longer under the influence of the church, Joseph tried to find the best scholars and scientists. Joseph II of hasburg-lothringen was considered as one of the enlightened monarchs in europe together with King Friedrich II of Prussia and Empress Catherine of Russia. https://www.biography.com/political-figure/joseph-ii. Joseph's reforms convinced people in the Austrian Netherlands that their historical privileges were not being respected. Deriving its name from the Old High German term "Ostarrichi" first recorded in 996 by Holy Roman Emperor Otto III, the small, landlocked nation of Austria has long been an influential player in the political and military sagas of Europe. At that time the southern Italian kingdom of Naples and Sicily was ruled by a collateral line of the Bourbons. Both publicly and secretly Catherine proposed a complete sharing of power in the east and southeast. Far worse, in 1787, as the result of an alliance recently concluded with Russia, Joseph involved Austria in a … Joseph II - Joseph II - Legacy: Joseph and his reign have generated much discussion among historians. Emperor Joseph II of the Holy Roman Empire was the son of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I. Joseph II was born in the middle of the War of the Austrian Succession on March 13, 1741. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Future Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II became co-regent with his mother, Maria Theresa, in 1765, and sole ruler in 1780. Frederick protested, and his troops marched into Bohemia. During his time in power, Joseph issued decrees that promoted equality and education, but the speed and scope of his reforms led to problems for him and his empire. Joseph II was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. Chief Joseph was a Nez Perce chief who, faced with settlement by whites of tribal lands in Oregon, led his followers in a dramatic effort to escape to Canada. To counter Prussia's strength, Joseph forged an alliance with Catherine II of Russia, which brought the empire into a conflict in Turkey. Under Maria Theresa the physician Gerard van Swieten had organized a public health service, and in Joseph’s time the General Hospital in Vienna was considered one of the best equipped in Europe. As a boy, he had toured the countryside with his mother, and been affected by the conditions in which the peasants lived. Frederick II managed to block the scheme once more, this time by representing himself as the leader of the League of German Princes, dedicated to the maintenance of the status quo. Joseph II Birth Date March 13, 1741 Death Date February 20, 1790 Place of Birth Vienna, Austria Place of Death Vienna, Austria AKA Holy Roman emperor Joseph II Joseph II Full Name After his mother’s death, Joseph had involved himself fruitlessly in 1784 in an attempt to force the Dutch to lift their blockade to secure a passage to the sea for the Austrian Netherlands. During his time of leadership, he united Greece, reestablished the Corinthian League and conquered the Persian Empire. Joseph signed an alliance giving her a free hand for her far-reaching plans and the conquest of Constantinople and the Dardanelles and assuring Austria of substantial territorial gains. In a weakened state after being ill for years, Joseph made the painful decision to undo his reforms in Hungary in order to maintain the empire's power there. Joseph spent several months with his army; but both his illness and the domestic crisis made progress dangerous, and he had to return to Vienna before a victory could be won. His mother made some changes that Joseph supported, such as an expansion of elementary education in the 1770s. Joseph II created a collection of reforms known as Josephinism during his reign between 1780 through 1790. Joseph's reforms included abolishing serfdom, ending press censorship and limiting the power of the Catholic Church. The power of the church was even more affected by the dissolution of more than 700 monasteries not engaged in such useful activities as teaching or hospital work. During his reign, Joseph put forth an average of 690 decrees a year. Revolutionary unrest in the Austrian Netherlands and Hungary grew in the belief that preoccupation with the war would prevent the Emperor from taking on the revolutionaries as well. Unlike Frederick, he was not greatly skilled at warfare, but like Frederick, he did care deeply about his people. Joseph II succeeded his father Francis I as Holy Roman Emperor in 1765, ruling Austria jointly with … The banquets given in his honour in Paris could not conceal the truth from him: France was headed for catastrophe. Joseph’s first marriage in 1760 to the Bourbon princess Isabella of Parma, whom he loved passionately, ended in tragedy when she died of smallpox three years later. His Russian visit gave him the impression of a state retarded in its development compared with the West, but the loyalty of its enormous population to Catherine and her nearly unlimited power seemed to make her the best ally for political manoeuvres in Europe. Joseph II. Although Joseph was co-regent, Maria Theresa maintained control of the empire. Jesus is a religious leader whose life and teachings are recorded in the Bible’s New Testament. His inability to make decisions necessarily limited his ambition. The judiciary and the executive had already been separated at the top; Joseph extended this process to the lower administrative levels. The 36,000 monks forced to leave their orders were given an annuity or money to return home; those so returning could continue as secular priests. Omissions? Trouvez les Joseph Ii Of Austria images et les photos d’actualités parfaites sur Getty Images. Emperor Joseph II of Austria (1740-90) Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). On February 20, 1790, when he was 48 years old, Joseph passed away in Vienna. By transferring the management of the theatres to the actors, Joseph introduced an artistically fruitful concept. It was a lonely death. In 1786 the Universal Code of Civil Law was issued.